Abbreviations

A4R	Accountability for reasonableness
AWP	Average wholesale price
BIA	Budget impact analysis
BTD	Better than dead
BWS	Best-worst scaling
CCA	Cost-consequence analysis
CEA	Cost-effectiveness analysis
CEAC	Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve
CER	Comparative effectiveness research
CMA	Cost-minimization analysis
COI	Conflict of interest
CQ	Clinical question
CSIMC	Central Social Insurance Medical Council (Chuikyo) [Japan]
CUA	Cost-utility analysis
CVM	Contingent caluation method
DALY	Disability-adjusted life year
DCE	Discrete choice experiment
DPC	Diagnosis Procedure Combination [Japan]
DRG	Diagnosis Related Groups
EOL	End-of-life
EVPI	Expected value of perfect information
EVPPI	Expected value of partially perfect information
EVSI	Expected value of sample information
HRQOL	Health-related quality of life
HTA	Health technology assessment
ICER	Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
INB	Incremental net benefit
IPD	Individual participant data
LY	Life year
MCDA	Multi criteria decision analysis
MTC	Multiple treatment comparison
NHS	National Health Service
NMB	Net monetary benefit
NICE	The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
PBM	Preference-based measure
PDPS	Per-Diem Payment System [Japan]
PE	Pharmacoeconomics
PPS	Prospective Payment System
PRO	Patient-reported outcome
PSA	Probabilistic sensitivity analysis
QALY	Quality-adjusted life year
QOL	Quality of life
RCT	Randomized controlled trial
SG	Standard gamble
SR	Systematic review
TA	Technology appraisal
TTO	Time trade-off
VAS	Visual analogue scale
VBP	Value-based pricing
VOI	Value of information
WTA	Willingness to accept
WTD	Worse than dead
WTP	Wilingness to pay